608 lines
23 KiB
HTML
608 lines
23 KiB
HTML
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<font color="#7f001f"><p>
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<b>Note:</b>
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This document was written in 2004 as a guide to helping programmers
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move from using SQLite version 2 to SQLite version 3. The information
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in this document is still essentially correct, however there have been
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many changes and enhancements over the years. We recommend that the
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following documents be used instead:
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<ul>
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<li><a href="cintro.html">An Introduction To The SQLite C/C++ Interface</a></li>
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<li><a href="c3ref/intro.html">SQLite C/C++ Reference Guide</a></li>
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</ul>
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</p>
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</font>
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<h2>C/C++ Interface For SQLite Version 3</h2>
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<h3>1.0 Overview</h3>
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<p>
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SQLite version 3.0 is a new version of SQLite, derived from
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the SQLite 2.8.13 code base, but with an incompatible file format
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and API.
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SQLite version 3.0 was created to answer demand for the following features:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Support for UTF-16.</li>
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<li>User-definable text collating sequences.</li>
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<li>The ability to store BLOBs in indexed columns.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>
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It was necessary to move to version 3.0 to implement these features because
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each requires incompatible changes to the database file format. Other
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incompatible changes, such as a cleanup of the API, were introduced at the
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same time under the theory that it is best to get your incompatible changes
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out of the way all at once.
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</p>
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<p>
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The API for version 3.0 is similar to the version 2.X API,
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but with some important changes. Most noticeably, the "<tt>sqlite_</tt>"
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prefix that occurs on the beginning of all API functions and data
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structures are changed to "<tt>sqlite3_</tt>".
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This avoids confusion between the two APIs and allows linking against both
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SQLite 2.X and SQLite 3.0 at the same time.
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</p>
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<p>
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There is no agreement on what the C datatype for a UTF-16
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string should be. Therefore, SQLite uses a generic type of void*
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to refer to UTF-16 strings. Client software can cast the void*
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to whatever datatype is appropriate for their system.
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</p>
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<h3>2.0 C/C++ Interface</h3>
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<p>
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The API for SQLite 3.0 includes 83 separate functions in addition
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to several data structures and #defines. (A complete
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<a href="c3ref/intro.html">API reference</a> is provided as a separate
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document.)
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Fortunately, the interface is not nearly as complex as its size implies.
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Simple programs can still make do with only 3 functions:
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<a href="c3ref/open.html">sqlite3_open()</a>, <a href="c3ref/exec.html">sqlite3_exec()</a>, and <a href="c3ref/close.html">sqlite3_close()</a>.
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More control over the execution of the database engine is provided
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using <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare_v2()</a>
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to compile an SQLite statement into byte code and
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<a href="c3ref/step.html">sqlite3_step()</a> to execute that bytecode.
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A family of routines with names beginning with
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<a href="c3ref/column_blob.html">sqlite3_column_</a>
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is used to extract information about the result set of a query.
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Many interface functions come in pairs, with both a UTF-8 and
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UTF-16 version. And there is a collection of routines
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used to implement user-defined SQL functions and user-defined
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text collating sequences.
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</p>
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<h4>2.1 Opening and closing a database</h4>
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<blockquote><pre>
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typedef struct sqlite3 sqlite3;
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int sqlite3_open(const char*, sqlite3**);
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int sqlite3_open16(const void*, sqlite3**);
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int sqlite3_close(sqlite3*);
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const char *sqlite3_errmsg(sqlite3*);
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const void *sqlite3_errmsg16(sqlite3*);
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int sqlite3_errcode(sqlite3*);
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</pre></blockquote>
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<p>
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The sqlite3_open() routine returns an integer error code rather than
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a pointer to the sqlite3 structure as the version 2 interface did.
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The difference between sqlite3_open()
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and sqlite3_open16() is that sqlite3_open16() takes UTF-16 (in host native
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byte order) for the name of the database file. If a new database file
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needs to be created, then sqlite3_open16() sets the internal text
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representation to UTF-16 whereas sqlite3_open() sets the text
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representation to UTF-8.
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</p>
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<p>
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The opening and/or creating of the database file is deferred until the
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file is actually needed. This allows options and parameters, such
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as the native text representation and default page size, to be
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set using PRAGMA statements.
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</p>
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<p>
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The sqlite3_errcode() routine returns a result code for the most
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recent major API call. sqlite3_errmsg() returns an English-language
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text error message for the most recent error. The error message is
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represented in UTF-8 and will be ephemeral - it could disappear on
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the next call to any SQLite API function. sqlite3_errmsg16() works like
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sqlite3_errmsg() except that it returns the error message represented
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as UTF-16 in host native byte order.
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</p>
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<p>
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The error codes for SQLite version 3 are unchanged from version 2.
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They are as follows:
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</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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#define SQLITE_OK 0 /* Successful result */
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#define SQLITE_ERROR 1 /* SQL error or missing database */
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#define SQLITE_INTERNAL 2 /* An internal logic error in SQLite */
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#define SQLITE_PERM 3 /* Access permission denied */
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#define SQLITE_ABORT 4 /* Callback routine requested an abort */
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#define SQLITE_BUSY 5 /* The database file is locked */
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#define SQLITE_LOCKED 6 /* A table in the database is locked */
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#define SQLITE_NOMEM 7 /* A malloc() failed */
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#define SQLITE_READONLY 8 /* Attempt to write a readonly database */
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#define SQLITE_INTERRUPT 9 /* Operation terminated by sqlite_interrupt() */
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#define SQLITE_IOERR 10 /* Some kind of disk I/O error occurred */
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#define SQLITE_CORRUPT 11 /* The database disk image is malformed */
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#define SQLITE_NOTFOUND 12 /* (Internal Only) Table or record not found */
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#define SQLITE_FULL 13 /* Insertion failed because database is full */
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#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN 14 /* Unable to open the database file */
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#define SQLITE_PROTOCOL 15 /* Database lock protocol error */
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#define SQLITE_EMPTY 16 /* (Internal Only) Database table is empty */
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#define SQLITE_SCHEMA 17 /* The database schema changed */
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#define SQLITE_TOOBIG 18 /* Too much data for one row of a table */
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#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT 19 /* Abort due to contraint violation */
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#define SQLITE_MISMATCH 20 /* Data type mismatch */
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#define SQLITE_MISUSE 21 /* Library used incorrectly */
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#define SQLITE_NOLFS 22 /* Uses OS features not supported on host */
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#define SQLITE_AUTH 23 /* Authorization denied */
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#define SQLITE_ROW 100 /* sqlite_step() has another row ready */
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#define SQLITE_DONE 101 /* sqlite_step() has finished executing */
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</pre></blockquote>
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<h4>2.2 Executing SQL statements</h4>
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<blockquote><pre>
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typedef int (*sqlite_callback)(void*,int,char**, char**);
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int sqlite3_exec(sqlite3*, const char *sql, sqlite_callback, void*, char**);
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</pre></blockquote>
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<p>
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The <a href="c3ref/exec.html">sqlite3_exec()</a> function works much as it did in SQLite version 2.
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Zero or more SQL statements specified in the second parameter are compiled
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and executed. Query results are returned to a callback routine.
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</p>
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<p>
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In SQLite version 3, the sqlite3_exec routine is just a wrapper around
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calls to the prepared statement interface.
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</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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typedef struct sqlite3_stmt sqlite3_stmt;
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int sqlite3_prepare(sqlite3*, const char*, int, sqlite3_stmt**, const char**);
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int sqlite3_prepare16(sqlite3*, const void*, int, sqlite3_stmt**, const void**);
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int sqlite3_finalize(sqlite3_stmt*);
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int sqlite3_reset(sqlite3_stmt*);
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</pre></blockquote>
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<p>
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The sqlite3_prepare interface compiles a single SQL statement into byte code
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for later execution. This interface is now the preferred way of accessing
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the database.
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</p>
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<p>
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The SQL statement is a UTF-8 string for sqlite3_prepare().
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The sqlite3_prepare16() works the same way except
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that it expects a UTF-16 string as SQL input.
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Only the first SQL statement in the input string is compiled.
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The fifth parameter is filled in with a pointer to the next (uncompiled)
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SQLite statement in the input string, if any.
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The sqlite3_finalize() routine deallocates a prepared SQL statement.
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All prepared statements must be finalized before the database can be
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closed.
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The sqlite3_reset() routine resets a prepared SQL statement so that it
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can be executed again.
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</p>
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<p>
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The SQL statement may contain tokens of the form "?" or "?nnn" or ":aaa"
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where "nnn" is an integer and "aaa" is an identifier.
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Such tokens represent unspecified literal values (or "wildcards")
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to be filled in later by the
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<a href="c3ref/bind_blob.html">sqlite3_bind</a> interface.
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Each wildcard has an associated number which is its sequence in the
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statement or the "nnn" in the case of a "?nnn" form.
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It is allowed for the same wildcard
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to occur more than once in the same SQL statement, in which case
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all instance of that wildcard will be filled in with the same value.
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Unbound wildcards have a value of NULL.
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</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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int sqlite3_bind_blob(sqlite3_stmt*, int, const void*, int n, void(*)(void*));
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int sqlite3_bind_double(sqlite3_stmt*, int, double);
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int sqlite3_bind_int(sqlite3_stmt*, int, int);
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int sqlite3_bind_int64(sqlite3_stmt*, int, long long int);
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int sqlite3_bind_null(sqlite3_stmt*, int);
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int sqlite3_bind_text(sqlite3_stmt*, int, const char*, int n, void(*)(void*));
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int sqlite3_bind_text16(sqlite3_stmt*, int, const void*, int n, void(*)(void*));
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int sqlite3_bind_value(sqlite3_stmt*, int, const sqlite3_value*);
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</pre></blockquote>
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<p>
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There is an assortment of sqlite3_bind routines used to assign values
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to wildcards in a prepared SQL statement. Unbound wildcards
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are interpreted as NULLs. Bindings are not reset by sqlite3_reset().
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But wildcards can be rebound to new values after an sqlite3_reset().
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</p>
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<p>
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After an SQL statement has been prepared (and optionally bound), it
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is executed using:
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</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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int sqlite3_step(sqlite3_stmt*);
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</pre></blockquote>
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<p>
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The sqlite3_step() routine return SQLITE_ROW if it is returning a single
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row of the result set, or SQLITE_DONE if execution has completed, either
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normally or due to an error. It might also return SQLITE_BUSY if it is
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unable to open the database file. If the return value is SQLITE_ROW, then
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the following routines can be used to extract information about that row
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of the result set:
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</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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const void *sqlite3_column_blob(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
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int sqlite3_column_bytes(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
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int sqlite3_column_bytes16(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
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int sqlite3_column_count(sqlite3_stmt*);
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const char *sqlite3_column_decltype(sqlite3_stmt *, int iCol);
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const void *sqlite3_column_decltype16(sqlite3_stmt *, int iCol);
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double sqlite3_column_double(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
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int sqlite3_column_int(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
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long long int sqlite3_column_int64(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
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const char *sqlite3_column_name(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
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const void *sqlite3_column_name16(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
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const unsigned char *sqlite3_column_text(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
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const void *sqlite3_column_text16(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
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int sqlite3_column_type(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
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</pre></blockquote>
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<p>
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The <a href="c3ref/column_count.html">sqlite3_column_count()</a>
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function returns the number of columns in
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the results set. sqlite3_column_count() can be called at any time after
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<a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare_v2()</a>. <a href="c3ref/data_count.html">sqlite3_data_count()</a> works similarly to
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<a href="c3ref/column_count.html">sqlite3_column_count()</a> except that it only works following <a href="c3ref/step.html">sqlite3_step()</a>.
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If the previous call to <a href="c3ref/step.html">sqlite3_step()</a> returned SQLITE_DONE or an error code,
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then <a href="c3ref/data_count.html">sqlite3_data_count()</a> will return 0 whereas <a href="c3ref/column_count.html">sqlite3_column_count()</a> will
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continue to return the number of columns in the result set.
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</p>
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<p>Returned data is examined using the other
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<a href="c3ref/column_blob.html">sqlite3_column_***()</a> functions,
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all of which take a column number as their second parameter. Columns are
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zero-indexed from left to right. Note that this is different to parameters,
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which are indexed starting at one.
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</p>
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<p>
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The <a href="c3ref/column_blob.html">sqlite3_column_type()</a> function returns the
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datatype for the value in the Nth column. The return value is one
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of these:
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</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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#define SQLITE_INTEGER 1
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#define SQLITE_FLOAT 2
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#define SQLITE_TEXT 3
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#define SQLITE_BLOB 4
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#define SQLITE_NULL 5
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</pre></blockquote>
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<p>
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The sqlite3_column_decltype() routine returns text which is the
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declared type of the column in the CREATE TABLE statement. For an
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expression, the return type is an empty string. sqlite3_column_name()
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returns the name of the Nth column. sqlite3_column_bytes() returns
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the number of bytes in a column that has type BLOB or the number of bytes
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in a TEXT string with UTF-8 encoding. sqlite3_column_bytes16() returns
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the same value for BLOBs but for TEXT strings returns the number of bytes
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in a UTF-16 encoding.
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sqlite3_column_blob() return BLOB data.
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sqlite3_column_text() return TEXT data as UTF-8.
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sqlite3_column_text16() return TEXT data as UTF-16.
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sqlite3_column_int() return INTEGER data in the host machines native
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integer format.
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sqlite3_column_int64() returns 64-bit INTEGER data.
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Finally, sqlite3_column_double() return floating point data.
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</p>
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<p>
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It is not necessary to retrieve data in the format specify by
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sqlite3_column_type(). If a different format is requested, the data
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is converted automatically.
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</p>
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<p>
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Data format conversions can invalidate the pointer returned by
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prior calls to sqlite3_column_blob(), sqlite3_column_text(), and/or
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sqlite3_column_text16(). Pointers might be invalided in the following
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cases:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li><p>
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The initial content is a BLOB and sqlite3_column_text()
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or sqlite3_column_text16()
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is called. A zero-terminator might need to be added to the string.
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</p></li>
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<li><p>
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The initial content is UTF-8 text and sqlite3_column_bytes16() or
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sqlite3_column_text16() is called. The content must be converted to UTF-16.
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</p></li>
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<li><p>
|
|
The initial content is UTF-16 text and sqlite3_column_bytes() or
|
|
sqlite3_column_text() is called. The content must be converted to UTF-8.
|
|
</p></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Note that conversions between UTF-16be and UTF-16le
|
|
are always done in place and do
|
|
not invalidate a prior pointer, though of course the content of the buffer
|
|
that the prior pointer points to will have been modified. Other kinds
|
|
of conversion are done in place when it is possible, but sometime it is
|
|
not possible and in those cases prior pointers are invalidated.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The safest and easiest to remember policy is this: assume that any
|
|
result from
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>sqlite3_column_blob(),</li>
|
|
<li>sqlite3_column_text(), or</li>
|
|
<li>sqlite3_column_text16()</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
is invalided by subsequent calls to
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>sqlite3_column_bytes(),</li>
|
|
<li>sqlite3_column_bytes16(),</li>
|
|
<li>sqlite3_column_text(), or</li>
|
|
<li>sqlite3_column_text16().</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
This means that you should always call sqlite3_column_bytes() or
|
|
sqlite3_column_bytes16() <u>before</u> calling sqlite3_column_blob(),
|
|
sqlite3_column_text(), or sqlite3_column_text16().
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h4>2.3 User-defined functions</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
User defined functions can be created using the following routine:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><pre>
|
|
typedef struct sqlite3_value sqlite3_value;
|
|
int sqlite3_create_function(
|
|
sqlite3 *,
|
|
const char *zFunctionName,
|
|
int nArg,
|
|
int eTextRep,
|
|
void*,
|
|
void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
|
|
void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
|
|
void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*)
|
|
);
|
|
int sqlite3_create_function16(
|
|
sqlite3*,
|
|
const void *zFunctionName,
|
|
int nArg,
|
|
int eTextRep,
|
|
void*,
|
|
void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
|
|
void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
|
|
void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*)
|
|
);
|
|
#define SQLITE_UTF8 1
|
|
#define SQLITE_UTF16 2
|
|
#define SQLITE_UTF16BE 3
|
|
#define SQLITE_UTF16LE 4
|
|
#define SQLITE_ANY 5
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The nArg parameter specifies the number of arguments to the function.
|
|
A value of 0 indicates that any number of arguments is allowed. The
|
|
eTextRep parameter specifies what representation text values are expected
|
|
to be in for arguments to this function. The value of this parameter should
|
|
be one of the parameters defined above. SQLite version 3 allows multiple
|
|
implementations of the same function using different text representations.
|
|
The database engine chooses the function that minimization the number
|
|
of text conversions required.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Normal functions specify only xFunc and leave xStep and xFinal set to NULL.
|
|
Aggregate functions specify xStep and xFinal and leave xFunc set to NULL.
|
|
There is no separate sqlite3_create_aggregate() API.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The function name is specified in UTF-8. A separate sqlite3_create_function16()
|
|
API works the same as sqlite_create_function()
|
|
except that the function name is specified in UTF-16 host byte order.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Notice that the parameters to functions are now pointers to sqlite3_value
|
|
structures instead of pointers to strings as in SQLite version 2.X.
|
|
The following routines are used to extract useful information from these
|
|
"values":
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><pre>
|
|
const void *sqlite3_value_blob(sqlite3_value*);
|
|
int sqlite3_value_bytes(sqlite3_value*);
|
|
int sqlite3_value_bytes16(sqlite3_value*);
|
|
double sqlite3_value_double(sqlite3_value*);
|
|
int sqlite3_value_int(sqlite3_value*);
|
|
long long int sqlite3_value_int64(sqlite3_value*);
|
|
const unsigned char *sqlite3_value_text(sqlite3_value*);
|
|
const void *sqlite3_value_text16(sqlite3_value*);
|
|
int sqlite3_value_type(sqlite3_value*);
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Function implementations use the following APIs to acquire context and
|
|
to report results:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><pre>
|
|
void *sqlite3_aggregate_context(sqlite3_context*, int nbyte);
|
|
void *sqlite3_user_data(sqlite3_context*);
|
|
void sqlite3_result_blob(sqlite3_context*, const void*, int n, void(*)(void*));
|
|
void sqlite3_result_double(sqlite3_context*, double);
|
|
void sqlite3_result_error(sqlite3_context*, const char*, int);
|
|
void sqlite3_result_error16(sqlite3_context*, const void*, int);
|
|
void sqlite3_result_int(sqlite3_context*, int);
|
|
void sqlite3_result_int64(sqlite3_context*, long long int);
|
|
void sqlite3_result_null(sqlite3_context*);
|
|
void sqlite3_result_text(sqlite3_context*, const char*, int n, void(*)(void*));
|
|
void sqlite3_result_text16(sqlite3_context*, const void*, int n, void(*)(void*));
|
|
void sqlite3_result_value(sqlite3_context*, sqlite3_value*);
|
|
void *sqlite3_get_auxdata(sqlite3_context*, int);
|
|
void sqlite3_set_auxdata(sqlite3_context*, int, void*, void (*)(void*));
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<h4>2.4 User-defined collating sequences</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The following routines are used to implement user-defined
|
|
collating sequences:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><pre>
|
|
sqlite3_create_collation(sqlite3*, const char *zName, int eTextRep, void*,
|
|
int(*xCompare)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*));
|
|
sqlite3_create_collation16(sqlite3*, const void *zName, int eTextRep, void*,
|
|
int(*xCompare)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*));
|
|
sqlite3_collation_needed(sqlite3*, void*,
|
|
void(*)(void*,sqlite3*,int eTextRep,const char*));
|
|
sqlite3_collation_needed16(sqlite3*, void*,
|
|
void(*)(void*,sqlite3*,int eTextRep,const void*));
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The sqlite3_create_collation() function specifies a collating sequence name
|
|
and a comparison function to implement that collating sequence. The
|
|
comparison function is only used for comparing text values. The eTextRep
|
|
parameter is one of SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_UTF16LE, SQLITE_UTF16BE, or
|
|
SQLITE_ANY to specify which text representation the comparison function works
|
|
with. Separate comparison functions can exist for the same collating
|
|
sequence for each of the UTF-8, UTF-16LE and UTF-16BE text representations.
|
|
The sqlite3_create_collation16() works like sqlite3_create_collation() except
|
|
that the collation name is specified in UTF-16 host byte order instead of
|
|
in UTF-8.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The sqlite3_collation_needed() routine registers a callback which the
|
|
database engine will invoke if it encounters an unknown collating sequence.
|
|
The callback can lookup an appropriate comparison function and invoke
|
|
sqlite_3_create_collation() as needed. The fourth parameter to the callback
|
|
is the name of the collating sequence in UTF-8. For sqlite3_collation_need16()
|
|
the callback sends the collating sequence name in UTF-16 host byte order.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|